React State Management

Comprehensive guide to modern React state management patterns, from local component state to global stores and server state synchronization.

When to Use This Skill

• Setting up global state management in a React app
• Choosing between Redux Toolkit, Zustand, or Jotai
• Managing server state with React Query or SWR
• Implementing optimistic updates
• Debugging state-related issues
• Migrating from legacy Redux to modern patterns

Core Concepts

1. State Categories

Type	Description	Solutions
Local State	Component-specific, UI state	useState, useReducer
Global State	Shared across components	Redux Toolkit, Zustand, Jotai
Server State	Remote data, caching	React Query, SWR, RTK Query
URL State	Route parameters, search	React Router, nuqs
Form State	Input values, validation	React Hook Form, Formik

2. Selection Criteria

Small app, simple state → Zustand or Jotai
Large app, complex state → Redux Toolkit
Heavy server interaction → React Query + light client state
Atomic/granular updates → Jotai

Quick Start

Zustand (Simplest)

// store/useStore.ts
import { create } from 'zustand'
import { devtools, persist } from 'zustand/middleware'

interface AppState {
  user: User | null
  theme: 'light' | 'dark'
  setUser: (user: User | null) => void
  toggleTheme: () => void
}

export const useStore = create<AppState>()(
  devtools(
    persist(
      (set) => ({
        user: null,
        theme: 'light',
        setUser: (user) => set({ user }),
        toggleTheme: () => set((state) => ({
          theme: state.theme === 'light' ? 'dark' : 'light'
        })),
      }),
      { name: 'app-storage' }
    )
  )
)

// Usage in component
function Header() {
  const { user, theme, toggleTheme } = useStore()
  return (
    <header className={theme}>
      {user?.name}
      <button onClick={toggleTheme}>Toggle Theme</button>
    </header>
  )
}

Patterns

Pattern 1: Redux Toolkit with TypeScript

// store/index.ts
import { configureStore } from "@reduxjs/toolkit";
import { TypedUseSelectorHook, useDispatch, useSelector } from "react-redux";
import userReducer from "./slices/userSlice";
import cartReducer from "./slices/cartSlice";

export const store = configureStore({
  reducer: {
    user: userReducer,
    cart: cartReducer,
  },
  middleware: (getDefaultMiddleware) =>
    getDefaultMiddleware({
      serializableCheck: {
        ignoredActions: ["persist/PERSIST"],
      },
    }),
});

export type RootState = ReturnType<typeof store.getState>;
export type AppDispatch = typeof store.dispatch;

// Typed hooks
export const useAppDispatch: () => AppDispatch = useDispatch;
export const useAppSelector: TypedUseSelectorHook<RootState> = useSelector;

// store/slices/userSlice.ts
import { createSlice, createAsyncThunk, PayloadAction } from "@reduxjs/toolkit";

interface User {
  id: string;
  email: string;
  name: string;
}

interface UserState {
  current: User | null;
  status: "idle" | "loading" | "succeeded" | "failed";
  error: string | null;
}

const initialState: UserState = {
  current: null,
  status: "idle",
  error: null,
};

export const fetchUser = createAsyncThunk(
  "user/fetchUser",
  async (userId: string, { rejectWithValue }) => {
    try {
      const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`);
      if (!response.ok) throw new Error("Failed to fetch user");
      return await response.json();
    } catch (error) {
      return rejectWithValue((error as Error).message);
    }
  },
);

const userSlice = createSlice({
  name: "user",
  initialState,
  reducers: {
    setUser: (state, action: PayloadAction<User>) => {
      state.current = action.payload;
      state.status = "succeeded";
    },
    clearUser: (state) => {
      state.current = null;
      state.status = "idle";
    },
  },
  extraReducers: (builder) => {
    builder
      .addCase(fetchUser.pending, (state) => {
        state.status = "loading";
        state.error = null;
      })
      .addCase(fetchUser.fulfilled, (state, action) => {
        state.status = "succeeded";
        state.current = action.payload;
      })
      .addCase(fetchUser.rejected, (state, action) => {
        state.status = "failed";
        state.error = action.payload as string;
      });
  },
});

export const { setUser, clearUser } = userSlice.actions;
export default userSlice.reducer;

Pattern 2: Zustand with Slices (Scalable)

// store/slices/createUserSlice.ts
import { StateCreator } from "zustand";

export interface UserSlice {
  user: User | null;
  isAuthenticated: boolean;
  login: (credentials: Credentials) => Promise<void>;
  logout: () => void;
}

export const createUserSlice: StateCreator<
  UserSlice & CartSlice, // Combined store type
  [],
  [],
  UserSlice
> = (set, get) => ({
  user: null,
  isAuthenticated: false,
  login: async (credentials) => {
    const user = await authApi.login(credentials);
    set({ user, isAuthenticated: true });
  },
  logout: () => {
    set({ user: null, isAuthenticated: false });
    // Can access other slices
    // get().clearCart()
  },
});

// store/index.ts
import { create } from "zustand";
import { createUserSlice, UserSlice } from "./slices/createUserSlice";
import { createCartSlice, CartSlice } from "./slices/createCartSlice";

type StoreState = UserSlice & CartSlice;

export const useStore = create<StoreState>()((...args) => ({
  ...createUserSlice(...args),
  ...createCartSlice(...args),
}));

// Selective subscriptions (prevents unnecessary re-renders)
export const useUser = () => useStore((state) => state.user);
export const useCart = () => useStore((state) => state.cart);

Pattern 3: Jotai for Atomic State

// atoms/userAtoms.ts
import { atom } from 'jotai'
import { atomWithStorage } from 'jotai/utils'

// Basic atom
export const userAtom = atom<User | null>(null)

// Derived atom (computed)
export const isAuthenticatedAtom = atom((get) => get(userAtom) !== null)

// Atom with localStorage persistence
export const themeAtom = atomWithStorage<'light' | 'dark'>('theme', 'light')

// Async atom
export const userProfileAtom = atom(async (get) => {
  const user = get(userAtom)
  if (!user) return null
  const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${user.id}/profile`)
  return response.json()
})

// Write-only atom (action)
export const logoutAtom = atom(null, (get, set) => {
  set(userAtom, null)
  set(cartAtom, [])
  localStorage.removeItem('token')
})

// Usage
function Profile() {
  const [user] = useAtom(userAtom)
  const [, logout] = useAtom(logoutAtom)
  const [profile] = useAtom(userProfileAtom) // Suspense-enabled

  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<Skeleton />}>
      <ProfileContent profile={profile} onLogout={logout} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

Pattern 4: React Query for Server State

// hooks/useUsers.ts
import { useQuery, useMutation, useQueryClient } from "@tanstack/react-query";

// Query keys factory
export const userKeys = {
  all: ["users"] as const,
  lists: () => [...userKeys.all, "list"] as const,
  list: (filters: UserFilters) => [...userKeys.lists(), filters] as const,
  details: () => [...userKeys.all, "detail"] as const,
  detail: (id: string) => [...userKeys.details(), id] as const,
};

// Fetch hook
export function useUsers(filters: UserFilters) {
  return useQuery({
    queryKey: userKeys.list(filters),
    queryFn: () => fetchUsers(filters),
    staleTime: 5 * 60 * 1000, // 5 minutes
    gcTime: 30 * 60 * 1000, // 30 minutes (formerly cacheTime)
  });
}

// Single user hook
export function useUser(id: string) {
  return useQuery({
    queryKey: userKeys.detail(id),
    queryFn: () => fetchUser(id),
    enabled: !!id, // Don't fetch if no id
  });
}

// Mutation with optimistic update
export function useUpdateUser() {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient();

  return useMutation({
    mutationFn: updateUser,
    onMutate: async (newUser) => {
      // Cancel outgoing refetches
      await queryClient.cancelQueries({
        queryKey: userKeys.detail(newUser.id),
      });

      // Snapshot previous value
      const previousUser = queryClient.getQueryData(
        userKeys.detail(newUser.id),
      );

      // Optimistically update
      queryClient.setQueryData(userKeys.detail(newUser.id), newUser);

      return { previousUser };
    },
    onError: (err, newUser, context) => {
      // Rollback on error
      queryClient.setQueryData(
        userKeys.detail(newUser.id),
        context?.previousUser,
      );
    },
    onSettled: (data, error, variables) => {
      // Refetch after mutation
      queryClient.invalidateQueries({
        queryKey: userKeys.detail(variables.id),
      });
    },
  });
}

Pattern 5: Combining Client + Server State

// Zustand for client state
const useUIStore = create<UIState>((set) => ({
  sidebarOpen: true,
  modal: null,
  toggleSidebar: () => set((s) => ({ sidebarOpen: !s.sidebarOpen })),
  openModal: (modal) => set({ modal }),
  closeModal: () => set({ modal: null }),
}))

// React Query for server state
function Dashboard() {
  const { sidebarOpen, toggleSidebar } = useUIStore()
  const { data: users, isLoading } = useUsers({ active: true })
  const { data: stats } = useStats()

  if (isLoading) return <DashboardSkeleton />

  return (
    <div className={sidebarOpen ? 'with-sidebar' : ''}>
      <Sidebar open={sidebarOpen} onToggle={toggleSidebar} />
      <main>
        <StatsCards stats={stats} />
        <UserTable users={users} />
      </main>
    </div>
  )
}

Best Practices

Do's

• Colocate state - Keep state as close to where it's used as possible
• Use selectors - Prevent unnecessary re-renders with selective subscriptions
• Normalize data - Flatten nested structures for easier updates
• Type everything - Full TypeScript coverage prevents runtime errors
• Separate concerns - Server state (React Query) vs client state (Zustand)

Don'ts

• Don't over-globalize - Not everything needs to be in global state
• Don't duplicate server state - Let React Query manage it
• Don't mutate directly - Always use immutable updates
• Don't store derived data - Compute it instead
• Don't mix paradigms - Pick one primary solution per category

Migration Guides

From Legacy Redux to RTK

// Before (legacy Redux)
const ADD_TODO = "ADD_TODO";
const addTodo = (text) => ({ type: ADD_TODO, payload: text });
function todosReducer(state = [], action) {
  switch (action.type) {
    case ADD_TODO:
      return [...state, { text: action.payload, completed: false }];
    default:
      return state;
  }
}

// After (Redux Toolkit)
const todosSlice = createSlice({
  name: "todos",
  initialState: [],
  reducers: {
    addTodo: (state, action: PayloadAction<string>) => {
      // Immer allows "mutations"
      state.push({ text: action.payload, completed: false });
    },
  },
});