Django on Google Cloud SQL PostgreSQL

Status: Production Ready Last Updated: 2026-01-24 Dependencies: None Latest Versions: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

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Quick Start (10 Minutes)

1. Install Dependencies

pip install Django psycopg2-binary gunicorn

For Cloud SQL Python Connector (recommended for local dev):

pip install "cloud-sql-python-connector[pg8000]"

Why this matters:

• psycopg2-binary is the PostgreSQL adapter for Django
• gunicorn is required for App Engine Standard (Python 3.10+)
• Cloud SQL Python Connector provides secure connections without SSH tunneling

2. Configure Django Settings

settings.py (production with Unix socket):

import os

# Detect App Engine environment
IS_APP_ENGINE = os.getenv('GAE_APPLICATION', None)

if IS_APP_ENGINE:
    # Production: Connect via Unix socket
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ['DB_NAME'],
            'USER': os.environ['DB_USER'],
            'PASSWORD': os.environ['DB_PASSWORD'],
            'HOST': f"/cloudsql/{os.environ['CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME']}",
            'PORT': '',  # Empty for Unix socket
        }
    }
else:
    # Local development: Connect via Cloud SQL Proxy
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
            'NAME': os.environ.get('DB_NAME', 'mydb'),
            'USER': os.environ.get('DB_USER', 'postgres'),
            'PASSWORD': os.environ.get('DB_PASSWORD', ''),
            'HOST': '127.0.0.1',
            'PORT': '5432',
        }
    }

CRITICAL:

• App Engine connects via Unix socket at /cloudsql/PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE
• Local development requires Cloud SQL Auth Proxy on 127.0.0.1:5432
• Never hardcode connection strings - use environment variables

3. Create app.yaml

runtime: python310
entrypoint: gunicorn -b :$PORT myproject.wsgi:application

env_variables:
  DB_NAME: "mydb"
  DB_USER: "postgres"
  CLOUD_SQL_CONNECTION_NAME: "project-id:region:instance-name"

# Cloud SQL connection
beta_settings:
  cloud_sql_instances: "project-id:region:instance-name"

handlers:
  - url: /static
    static_dir: static/
  - url: /.*
    script: auto
    secure: always

CRITICAL:

• beta_settings.cloud_sql_instances enables the Unix socket at /cloudsql/...
• DB_PASSWORD should be set via gcloud app deploy or Secret Manager, not in app.yaml

---

The 6-Step Setup Process

Step 1: Create Cloud SQL Instance

# Create PostgreSQL instance
gcloud sql instances create myinstance \
  --database-version=POSTGRES_15 \
  --tier=db-f1-micro \
  --region=us-central1

# Create database
gcloud sql databases create mydb --instance=myinstance

# Create user
gcloud sql users create postgres \
  --instance=myinstance \
  --password=YOUR_SECURE_PASSWORD

Key Points:

• Use POSTGRES_15 or later for best compatibility
• db-f1-micro is cheapest for dev ($7-10/month), use db-g1-small or higher for production
• Note the connection name: PROJECT_ID:REGION:INSTANCE_NAME

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Step 2: Configure Django Project

requirements.txt:

Django>=5.1,<6.0
psycopg2-binary>=2.9.9
gunicorn>=23.0.0
whitenoise>=6.7.0

settings.py additions:

import os

# Security settings for production
DEBUG = os.environ.get('DEBUG', 'False') == 'True'
ALLOWED_HOSTS = [
    '.appspot.com',
    '.run.app',
    'localhost',
    '127.0.0.1',
]

# Static files with WhiteNoise
STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static')
MIDDLEWARE.insert(1, 'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware')
STATICFILES_STORAGE = 'whitenoise.storage.CompressedManifestStaticFilesStorage'

# Database connection pooling
DATABASES['default']['CONN_MAX_AGE'] = 60  # Keep connections open for 60 seconds

Why these settings:

• CONN_MAX_AGE=60 reduces connection overhead (Cloud SQL has connection limits)
• WhiteNoise serves static files without Cloud Storage
• ALLOWED_HOSTS must include .appspot.com for App Engine

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Step 3: Set Up Local Development with Cloud SQL Proxy

Install Cloud SQL Auth Proxy:

# macOS
brew install cloud-sql-proxy

# Linux
curl -o cloud-sql-proxy https://storage.googleapis.com/cloud-sql-connectors/cloud-sql-proxy/v2.14.1/cloud-sql-proxy.linux.amd64
chmod +x cloud-sql-proxy

Run the proxy:

# Authenticate first
gcloud auth application-default login

# Start proxy (runs on 127.0.0.1:5432)
./cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT_ID:REGION:INSTANCE_NAME

# Or with specific port
./cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT_ID:REGION:INSTANCE_NAME --port=5432

Set environment variables for local dev:

export DB_NAME=mydb
export DB_USER=postgres
export DB_PASSWORD=your_password
export DEBUG=True

Key Points:

• Proxy creates a secure tunnel to Cloud SQL
• No need to whitelist your IP address
• Works with both password and IAM authentication

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Step 4: Run Migrations

# Local (with proxy running)
python manage.py migrate

# Verify connection
python manage.py dbshell

For production migrations (via Cloud Build or local with proxy):

# Option 1: Run locally with proxy
./cloud-sql-proxy PROJECT:REGION:INSTANCE &
python manage.py migrate

# Option 2: Use Cloud Build (recommended)
# See references/cloud-build-migrations.md

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Step 5: Configure Gunicorn

gunicorn.conf.py (optional, for fine-tuning):

import multiprocessing

# Workers
workers = 2  # App Engine Standard limits this
threads = 4
worker_class = 'gthread'

# Timeout (App Engine has 60s limit for standard, 3600s for flexible)
timeout = 55

# Logging
accesslog = '-'
errorlog = '-'
loglevel = 'info'

# Bind (App Engine sets $PORT)
bind = f"0.0.0.0:{os.environ.get('PORT', '8080')}"

app.yaml entrypoint options:

# Simple (recommended for most cases)
entrypoint: gunicorn -b :$PORT myproject.wsgi:application

# With config file
entrypoint: gunicorn -c gunicorn.conf.py myproject.wsgi:application

# With workers and timeout
entrypoint: gunicorn -b :$PORT -w 2 -t 55 myproject