COMPUTE, DON'T DESCRIBE

When analysis requires computation (statistics, data processing, scoring, enrichment), write and run Python code via Bash. Don't describe what you would do — execute it and report actual results. Use ToolUniverse tools to retrieve data, then Python (pandas, scipy, statsmodels, matplotlib) to analyze it.

Gene Enrichment and Pathway Analysis

Perform comprehensive gene enrichment analysis including Gene Ontology (GO), KEGG, Reactome, WikiPathways, and MSigDB enrichment using both Over-Representation Analysis (ORA) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Integrates local computation via gseapy with ToolUniverse pathway databases for cross-validated, publication-ready results.

IMPORTANT: Always use English terms in tool calls (gene names, pathway names, organism names), even if the user writes in another language. Only try original-language terms as a fallback if English returns no results. Respond in the user's language.

Domain Reasoning: Background Selection

Enrichment results are only as good as your background. The default background (all annotated genes in the genome) inflates enrichment for tissue-specific or context-specific gene lists. Always consider: what is the appropriate background for this experiment? For brain RNA-seq, use brain-expressed genes as background; for a proteomics experiment, use detected proteins. A gene that is never expressed in your system cannot be a true negative control.

LOOK UP DON'T GUESS: adjusted p-values, gene set overlap counts, and which genes from your input list drive each enriched term. Always retrieve the inputGenes field from enrichment results — do not assume which genes caused a term to be significant. When a term looks surprising, verify by checking which genes overlap.

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When to Use This Skill

Apply when users:

• Ask about gene enrichment analysis (GO, KEGG, Reactome, etc.)
• Have a gene list from differential expression, clustering, or any experiment
• Want to know which biological processes, molecular functions, or cellular components are enriched
• Need KEGG or Reactome pathway enrichment analysis
• Ask about GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) with ranked gene lists
• Want over-representation analysis (ORA) with Fisher's exact test
• Need multiple testing correction (Benjamini-Hochberg, Bonferroni)
• Ask about enrichGO, gseapy, clusterProfiler-style analyses

NOT for (use other skills instead):

• Network pharmacology / drug repurposing → Use tooluniverse-network-pharmacology
• Disease characterization → Use tooluniverse-multiomic-disease-characterization
• Single gene function lookup → Use tooluniverse-disease-research
• Spatial omics analysis → Use tooluniverse-spatial-omics-analysis
• Protein-protein interaction analysis only → Use tooluniverse-protein-interactions

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Input Parameters

Parameter	Required	Description	Example
gene_list	Yes	List of gene symbols, Ensembl IDs, or Entrez IDs	["TP53", "BRCA1", "EGFR"]
organism	No	Organism (default: human). Supported: human, mouse, rat, fly, worm, yeast, zebrafish	human
analysis_type	No	ORA (default) or GSEA	ORA
enrichment_databases	No	Which databases to query. Default: all applicable	["GO_BP", "GO_MF", "GO_CC", "KEGG", "Reactome"]
gene_id_type	No	Input ID type: symbol, ensembl, entrez, uniprot (auto-detected if omitted)	symbol
p_value_cutoff	No	Significance threshold (default: 0.05)	0.05
correction_method	No	Multiple testing: BH (Benjamini-Hochberg, default), bonferroni, fdr	BH
background_genes	No	Custom background gene set (default: genome-wide)	["GENE1", "GENE2", ...]
ranked_gene_list	No	For GSEA: gene-to-score mapping (e.g., log2FC)	{"TP53": 2.5, "BRCA1": -1.3, ...}

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Core Principles

1. Report-first approach - Create report file FIRST, then populate progressively
2. ID disambiguation FIRST - Detect and convert gene IDs before ANY enrichment
3. Multi-source validation - Run enrichment on at least 2 independent tools, cross-validate
4. Exact p-values - Report raw p-values AND adjusted p-values with correction method
5. Multiple testing correction - ALWAYS apply Benjamini-Hochberg unless user specifies otherwise
6. Gene set size filtering - Filter by min/max gene set size to avoid trivial/overly broad terms
7. Evidence grading - Grade enrichment sources T1-T4
8. Negative results documented - "No significant enrichment" is a valid finding
9. Source references - Every enrichment result must cite the tool/database/library used
10. Completeness checklist - Mandatory section at end showing analysis coverage

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Decision Tree: ORA vs GSEA

Q: Do you have a ranked gene list (with scores/fold-changes)?
  YES → Use GSEA (gseapy.prerank)
        - Input: Gene-to-score mapping (e.g., log2FC)
        - Statistics: Running enrichment score, permutation test
        - Cutoff: FDR q-val < 0.25 (standard for GSEA)
        - Output: NES (Normalized Enrichment Score), lead genes
        See: references/gsea_workflow.md

  NO  → Use ORA (gseapy.enrichr)
        - Input: Gene list only
        - Statistics: Fisher's exact test, hypergeometric
        - Cutoff: Adjusted P-value < 0.05 (or user specified)
        - Output: P-value, adjusted P-value, overlap, odds ratio
        See: references/ora_workflow.md

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Decision Tree: gseapy vs ToolUniverse Tools

Q: Which enrichment method should I use?

Primary Analysis (ALWAYS):
  ├─ gseapy.enrichr (ORA) OR gseapy.prerank (GSEA)
  │  - Most comprehensive (225+ Enrichr libraries)
  │  - GO (BP, MF, CC), KEGG, Reactome, WikiPathways, MSigDB
  │  - All organisms supported
  │  - Returns: P-value, Adjusted P-value, Overlap, Genes
  │  See: references/enrichr_guide.md

Cross-Validation (REQUIRED for publication):
  ├─ PANTHER_enrichment [T1 - curated]
  │  - Curated GO enrichment
  │  - Multiple organisms (taxonomy ID)
  │  - GO BP, MF, CC, PANTHER pathways, Reactome
  │
  ├─ STRING_functional_enrichment [T2 - validated]
  │  - Returns ALL categories in one call
  │  - Filter by category: Process, Function, Component, KEGG, Reactome
  │  - Network-based enrichment
  │
  └─ ReactomeAnalysis_pathway_enrichment [T1 - curated]
     - Reactome curated pathways
     - Cross-species projection
     - Detailed pathway hierarchy

Additional Context (Optional):
  ├─ GO_get_term_by_id, QuickGO_get_term_detail (GO term details)
  ├─ Reactome_get_pathway, Reactome_get_pathway_hierarchy (pathway context)
  ├─ WikiPathways_search, WikiPathways_get_pathway (community pathways)
  └─ STRING_ppi_enrichment (network topology analysis)

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Quick Start Workflow

1. Create report file immediately; populate progressively.
2. Convert IDs: Use MyGene_batch_query (fields: symbol,entrezgene,ensembl.gene) then STRING_map_identifiers to get canonical symbols. Auto-detect: ENSG* = Ensembl, numeric = Entrez, else = Symbol.
3. Primary enrichment: gseapy.enrichr() for ORA (gene list), gseapy.prerank() for GSEA (ranked list with scores). Use background=background_genes — do not leave as genome-wide default if your experiment has a specific expressed gene set.
4. Cross-validate: Run PANTHER_enrichment (param: comma-sep gene_list, annotation_dataset='GO:0008150') and ReactomeAnalysis_pathway_enrichment (param: space-sep identifiers). STRING_functional_enrichment returns all categories — filter by category field.
5. Report: Include raw p-value, adjusted p-value, overlap ratio, and inputGenes for each significant term. Note consensus terms (significant in 2+ sources).

See: references/ for complete code examples (ora_workflow.md, gsea_workflow.md, cross_validation.md)

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Evidence Grading

Tier	Symbol	Criteria	Examples
T1	[T1]	Curated/experimental enrichment	PANTHER, Reactome Analysis Service
T2	[T2]	Computational enrichment, well-validated	gseapy ORA/GSEA, STRING functional enrichment
T3	[T3]	Text-mining/predicted enrichment	Enrichr non-curated libraries
T4	[T4]	Single-source annotation	Individual gene GO annotations from QuickGO

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Supported Organisms

Core organisms: human (9606), mouse (10090), rat (10116), fly (7227), worm (6239), yeast (4932). gseapy has full human/mouse support; other organisms are limited — use PANTHER or STRING for non-human enrichment.

See: references/organism_support.md for organism-specific libraries

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Common Patterns

Pattern 1: Standard DEG Enrichment (ORA)

Input: List of differentially expressed gene symbols
Flow: ID validation → gseapy ORA (GO + KEGG + Reactome) →
      PANTHER + STRING cross-validation → Report top enriched terms
Use: When you have unranked gene list from DESeq2/edgeR

Pattern 2: Ranked Gene List (GSEA)

Input: Gene-to-log2FC mapping from differential expression
Flow: Convert to ranked Series → gseapy GSEA (GO + KEGG + MSigDB) →
      Filter by FDR < 0.25 → Report NES and lead genes
Use: When you have fold-changes or other ranking metric

Pattern 3: BixBench Enrichment Question

Input: Specific question about enrichment (e.g., "What is the adjusted p-val for neutrophil activation?")
Flow: Parse question for gene list and library → Run gseapy with exact library →
      Find specific term → Report exact p-value and adjusted p-value
Use: When answering targeted questions about specific terms

Pattern 4: Multi-Organism Enrichment

Input: Gene list from mouse experiment
Flow: Use organism='mouse' for gseapy → organism=10090 for PANTHER/STRING →
      projection=True for Reactome human pathway mapping
Use: When working with non-human organisms

See: references/common_patterns.md for more examples

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Troubleshooting

"No significant enrichment found":

• Verify gene symbols are valid (STRING_map_identifiers)
• Try different library versions (2021 vs 2023 vs 2025)
• Try relaxing significance cutoff or use GSEA instead

"Gene not found" errors:

• Check ID type and convert using MyGene_batch_query
• Remove version suffixes from Ensembl IDs (ENSG00000141510.16 → ENSG00000141510)

"STRING returns all categories":

• This is expected; filter by d['category'] == 'Process' after receiving results

See: references/troubleshooting.md for complete guide

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Tool Reference

Primary Enrichment Tools

Tool	Input	Output	Use For
gseapy.enrichr()	gene_list, gene_sets, organism	.results DataFrame	ORA with 225+ libraries
gseapy.prerank()	rnk (ranked Series), gene_sets	.res2d DataFrame	GSEA analysis

Cross-Validation Tools

Tool	Key Parameters	Evidence Grade
PANTHER_enrichment	gene_list (comma-sep), organism, annotation_dataset	[T1]
STRING_functional_enrichment	protein_ids, species	[T2]
ReactomeAnalysis_pathway_enrichment	identifiers (space-sep), page_size	[T1]

ID Conversion Tools

Tool	Input	Output
MyGene_batch_query	gene_ids, fields	Symbol, Entrez, Ensembl mappings
STRING_map_identifiers	protein_ids, species	Preferred names, STRING IDs

See: references/tool_parameters.md for complete parameter documentation

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Detailed Documentation

All detailed examples, code blocks, and advanced topics have been moved to references/:

• references/ora_workflow.md - Complete ORA examples with all databases
• references/gsea_workflow.md - Complete GSEA workflow with ranked lists
• references/enrichr_guide.md - All 225+ Enrichr libraries and usage
• references/cross_validation.md - Multi-source validation strategies
• references/id_conversion.md - Gene ID disambiguation and conversion
• references/tool_parameters.md - Complete tool parameter reference
• references/organism_support.md - Organism-specific configurations
• references/common_patterns.md - Detailed use case examples
• references/troubleshooting.md - Complete troubleshooting guide
• references/multiple_testing.md - Correction methods (BH, Bonferroni, BY)
• references/report_template.md - Standard report format

Helper scripts:

• scripts/format_enrichment_output.py - Format results for reports
• scripts/compare_enrichment_sources.py - Cross-validation analysis
• scripts/filter_by_gene_set_size.py - Filter terms by size

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Resources

For network-level analysis: tooluniverse-network-pharmacology For disease characterization: tooluniverse-multiomic-disease-characterization For spatial omics: tooluniverse-spatial-omics-analysis For protein interactions: tooluniverse-protein-interactions

gseapy documentation: https://gseapy.readthedocs.io/ PANTHER API: http://pantherdb.org/services/oai/pantherdb/ STRING API: https://string-db.org/cgi/help?sessionId=&subpage=api Reactome Analysis: https://reactome.org/AnalysisService/