NestJS Best Practices

Overview

Grounded in the Official NestJS Documentation, this skill enforces modular architecture, dependency injection scoping, exception filters, DTO validation with class-validator, and Drizzle ORM integration patterns.

When to Use

• Designing/refactoring NestJS modules or dependency injection
• Creating exception filters, validating DTOs, or integrating Drizzle ORM
• Reviewing code for anti-patterns or onboarding to a NestJS codebase

Instructions

1. Modular Architecture

Follow strict module encapsulation. Each domain feature should be its own @Module():

• Export only what other modules need — keep internal providers private
• Use forwardRef() only as a last resort for circular dependencies; prefer restructuring
• Group related controllers, services, and repositories within the same module
• Use a SharedModule for cross-cutting concerns (logging, configuration, caching)

See references/arch-module-boundaries.md for enforcement rules.

2. Dependency Injection

Choose the correct provider scope based on use case:

Scope	Lifecycle	Use Case
DEFAULT	Singleton (shared)	Stateless services, repositories
REQUEST	Per-request instance	Request-scoped data (tenant, user context)
TRANSIENT	New instance per injection	Stateful utilities, per-consumer caches

• Default to DEFAULT scope — only use REQUEST or TRANSIENT when justified
• Use constructor injection exclusively — avoid property injection
• Register custom providers with useClass, useValue, useFactory, or useExisting

See references/di-provider-scoping.md for enforcement rules.

3. Request Lifecycle

Understand and respect the NestJS request processing pipeline:

Middleware → Guards → Interceptors (before) → Pipes → Route Handler → Interceptors (after) → Exception Filters

• Middleware: Cross-cutting concerns (logging, CORS, body parsing)
• Guards: Authorization and authentication checks (return true/false)
• Interceptors: Transform response data, add caching, measure timing
• Pipes: Validate and transform input parameters
• Exception Filters: Catch and format error responses

4. Error Handling

Standardize error responses across the application:

• Extend HttpException for HTTP-specific errors
• Create domain-specific exception classes (e.g., OrderNotFoundException)
• Implement a global ExceptionFilter for consistent error formatting
• Use the Result pattern for expected business logic failures
• Never silently swallow exceptions

See references/error-exception-filters.md for enforcement rules.

5. Validation

Enforce input validation at the API boundary:

• Enable ValidationPipe globally with transform: true and whitelist: true
• Decorate all DTO properties with class-validator decorators
• Use class-transformer for type coercion (@Type(), @Transform())
• Create separate DTOs for Create, Update, and Response operations
• Never trust raw user input — validate everything

See references/api-validation-dto.md for enforcement rules.

6. Database Patterns (Drizzle ORM)

Integrate Drizzle ORM following NestJS provider conventions:

• Wrap the Drizzle client in an injectable provider
• Use the Repository pattern for data access encapsulation
• Define schemas in dedicated schema files per domain module
• Use transactions for multi-step operations
• Keep database logic out of controllers

See references/db-drizzle-patterns.md for enforcement rules.

Best Practices

Area	Do	Don't
Modules	One module per domain feature	Dump everything in AppModule
DI Scoping	Default to singleton scope	Use REQUEST scope without justification
Error Handling	Custom exception filters + domain errors	Bare try/catch with console.log
Validation	Global ValidationPipe + DTO decorators	Manual if checks in controllers
Database	Repository pattern with injected client	Direct DB queries in controllers
Testing	Unit test services, e2e test controllers	Skip tests or test implementation details
Configuration	@nestjs/config with typed schemas	Hardcode values or use process.env

Examples

Example: New Domain Module with Validation

When building a "Product" feature, follow this workflow:

1. Create the module with proper encapsulation:

// product/product.module.ts
@Module({
  imports: [DatabaseModule],
  controllers: [ProductController],
  providers: [ProductService, ProductRepository],
  exports: [ProductService], // Only export what others need
})
export class ProductModule {}

2. Create validated DTOs:

// product/dto/create-product.dto.ts
import { IsString, IsNumber, IsPositive, MaxLength } from 'class-validator';

export class CreateProductDto {
  @IsString() @MaxLength(255) readonly name: string;
  @IsNumber() @IsPositive() readonly price: number;
}

3. Service with error handling:

@Injectable()
export class ProductService {
  constructor(private readonly productRepository: ProductRepository) {}

  async findById(id: string): Promise<Product> {
    const product = await this.productRepository.findById(id);
    if (!product) throw new ProductNotFoundException(id);
    return product;
  }
}

4. Verify module registration:

# Check module is imported in AppModule
grep -r "ProductModule" src/app.module.ts

# Run e2e to confirm exports work
npx jest --testPathPattern="product"

Constraints and Warnings

1. Do not mix scopes without justification — REQUEST-scoped providers cascade to all dependents
2. Never access database directly from controllers — always go through service and repository layers
3. Avoid forwardRef() — restructure modules to eliminate circular dependencies
4. Do not skip ValidationPipe — always validate at the API boundary with DTOs
5. Never hardcode secrets — use @nestjs/config with environment variables
6. Keep modules focused — one domain feature per module, avoid "god modules"

References

• references/architecture.md — Deep-dive into NestJS architectural patterns
• references/ — Individual enforcement rules with correct/incorrect examples
• assets/templates/ — Starter templates for common NestJS components